Grass-carrying Wasps ~ Isodontia spp.

Grass-carrying Wasps ~ Isodontia spp. 

Grass-carrying wasps are a flower-visiting solitary wasp, common in late summer and early fall. Because they are solitary-nesting, and not colonial like yellowjackets or hornets, they do not sting humans to defend their nests. It's an important distinction to make with wasps in our landscapes, so many are solitary and not aggressive.

They perform important ecosystem services, pollinating the plants in our landscape, and preying on foliage eating insects, crickets and katydids in particular.

Females look for prey, stinging them several times to paralyze and immobilize them. They carry their prey back to their nests, which are preexisting cavities such as hollow stems or holes bored in wood.

The paralyzed prey are stocked for their developing larvae to feed upon. Using nearby grasses, nests are divided into sections with pieces of grass, they also close the end of nest with grass.

If you erect a mason bee nest board (board with nesting holes drilled in it), grass-carrying wasps will sometimes build nests in the cavities. Look for pieces of grass sticking out the ends of the board holes or plant stems.

I have several different variations of stem nests hung in the yard for solitary bees (and wasps), this one in particular has been utilized almost exclusively by grass-carrying wasps. Cup plant and pale Indian plantain stems work extremely well, both are hollow.

Here's a cross-section of one of those stems with the wasp larvae and stocked prey. In my yard, the grass-carrying wasps like to use little bluestem to seal off the cavities.

Look for grass-carrying wasps in late summer. In my yard, they like to visit stiff goldenrod, common boneset and pale Indian plantain flowers for nectar.

12 Great Native Plants for the Mesic Woodland Garden

If you are planning a woodland garden, or already have one established, these 12 native plants are definitely worth considering. One of the major components in developing a native woodland garden is to build, and establish a good duff layer of leaves and humus.

If you are just starting out, don't throw your leaves away in the fall, woodland natives need the protection of leaves to help keep their roots cool in summer, and blanketed in winter.

Bishop's Cap has extremely dainty flowers, the petals are fringed and look like snow flakes. This native plant is similar in growth habit to Heuchera species, with a cluster of basal leaves and long narrow flower stalks.

It blooms from May to June and likes sandy-loam to loam soils, dry-mesic to mesic moisture.

It spreads by rhizomes forming a nice mass once established. Combine with woodland phlox or large flowered bellwort.

Wild Geranium is one of my favorites, flowering from April to June, the large pink to purple flowers are extremely showy and abundant. It has a mounding habit with attractive palmately-divided leaves that turn bright red in the fall. Combine with false solomon's seal, and woodland phlox. It can get up to three feet tall in rich soils, so don't plant next to tiny ephemerals that can get overpowered by wild geranium.

Woodland phlox flowers can be a soft blue, pink or white. The large, five-parted flowers are showy and held above attractive foliage. Woodland phlox can be browsed by herbivores. It flowers from April to June. Utilize woodland phlox inter planted with other smaller-statured natives such as downy yellow violets or large flowered bellwort.

The white umbel flowerheads of long-styled sweet cicely brighten any shaded woodland garden. Stems are dark maroon in color with fern-like compound leaves. Flowers from May to June, combine with Wild Geranium.

Virginia waterleaf is extremely easy to grow, it readily reseeds once you have some established plants. The young leaves are speckled with silver to white spots. Pink to purple flowers arranged in cyme bloom from late April to June. Virginia waterleaf can reach heights of 24", but more typically the flowerheads top out at 12-16". Combine with false solomon's seal and downy yellow violets near the edge of your woodland planting.

Wild Ginger is a very attractive, low growing native. Often used massed for best effect, the red to maroon flowers develop under the leaves and are not always visible. The foliage however, looks great through the summer months in mesic soils. It spreads by rhizomes and easy to divide. Seeds are dispersed by ants.

Blue cohosh flowers in early spring from April to May. It is a tall plant, usually reaching heights over 30". The compound foliage has soft, delicate leaflets that set off the panicle of green-yellow flowers. The resulting fruit looks like a cluster of blue berries, but it's actually a hard seed covered by a blue skin. Make sure you have plenty of leaf litter and soils rich in humus.

White baneberry has many great attributes including its white flowers that bloom from May to June, followed by a cluster of white berries with a black dot on the end. The other common name for white baneberry is doll's eyes, named after the fruit. Red baneberry is similar, withstanding drier soils than white baneberry and the fruit is bright red. It flowers a few weeks before white baneberry.

Another woodland plant that is rhizomatous. The large, terminal flowerheads are extremely showy, and the flower stem zigzags slightly as it arches over. It flowers from May to June and is very tolerant of drier woodland soils, great to utilize under trees.

Early meadow rue has softly lobed foliage and delicate flowers that dangle downwards. The plants produce either male or female flowers, the male flowers are showier; bright yellow anthers mature and flutter in the slightest breeze.
Very good plant for dry soils.

The native plants above all flower in the spring; for some interest in late summer in the woodland garden, try big-leaved aster. It can start flowering in late July and continue into September. As the common name suggests, the leaves are large and slightly heart-shaped. Many white to light blue flowers are arranged in a flat-topped flowerhead (panicle). This native spreads by rhizomes and forms a dense cluster. It performs best in mesic soils.

One of the most shade-tolerant goldenrod species, zigzag goldenrod flowers from mid August to October. The bright yellow flowers are a welcome site in the woodland landscape. The leaves are very attractive with serrated edge and pointed tips. The common name is for the zigzagging flower stalk.

Harebell ~ Campanula rotundifolia Pollinators & Floral Visitors

Harebell ~ Campanula rotundifolia

Typically, small to medium sized bees visit harebell flowers. The five-parted, nodding flowers have a prominent, large, central style that may restrict access to large bees such as bumble bees. Bumble bees could reach the nectaries with their long tongues, but I have not seen one attempt this. Every visiting insect has a different approach and objective while visiting the flowers, some affect the rate of the flower development process and others get away with feeding on nectar without aiding in cross-pollination.

Filament bases surround the nectar-producing disc at the bottom of the style. When harebell anthers release pollen, the tube formed by the filaments around the style traps pollen. As the style elongates, the pollen collecting hairs on the style push the pollen upwards, exposing the pollen to pollinators.

The pollen collecting hairs are stimulated by visiting insects, more stimulation with pollen feeding, and less with nectar feeding. The more the hairs are stimulated, the shorter the duration of the male phase. Hairs retract causing the remaining pollen to fall out of the nodding flower. The female phase then begins with the separation of the stigma. This process, accelerated by pollinators, ensures cross-pollination of the flowers.

Leafcutter Bees ~ Megachile spp.
Leafcutter bees are frequent visitors of harebell feeding on nectar. Their pollen-collecting hairs (scopa) on the underside on their abdomens come into contact with the pollen held on the style.

Digger Bees ~ Anthophora spp.
Long tongues allow digger bees to reach the nectar at the base of the style and avoid contact with pollen on the style. The flower in this image has released all the pollen, the filaments are drying up and the stigma is preparing to separate to receive pollen.

Green Sweat Bees ~ Agapostemon spp.
Green sweat bees visit harebell flowers for nectar. This bee is holding itself in the nodding flower by grasping onto the base of the style. The stigmas have separated and are ready to receive pollen transferred from visiting insects.

Small Carpenter Bees ~ Ceratina spp.
Small carpenter bees are some of the early visitors of harebell flower development. After the style elongates and the pollen collecting hairs are covered with pollen, small carpenter bees visit and feed on and collect pollen stuck stigma.











References
Attracting Native Pollinators: The Xerces Society Guide, Protecting North America's Bees and Butterflies

The Pollen-Collecting Hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae). II. Function and Adaptive Significance in Relation to Pollination. Yvonne Nyman. American Journal of Botany , Vol. 80, No. 12 (Dec., 1993), pp. 1437-1443