Ten Great Native Plants for Dry, Sandy Soils

Flower: June - Late July  |  Exposure: Full Sun

Soil Moisture: Mesic to Dry  |  Soil Type: Sand to Loam

Butterfly milkweed develops a substantial taproot and is not easy to transplant. Find the right sunny location and let it grow. It is an excellent plant for pollinators, and a larval host plant for the monarch butterfly, queen butterfly and milkweed tussock moth caterpillar.

Flower: Late April - June  |  Exposure: Full Sun

Soil Moisture: Mesic to Dry  |  Soil Type: Sand to Loam

Prairie smoke's most unique feature is the wispy, feathery ends attached to the seeds that persist into the summer and wave in the wind. The fern-like foliage stays green under the snow and is a welcome sight in spring. Prairie smoke is pollinated by bumble bees who use buzz pollination to release the pollen from pores.

Flower: June - September  |  Exposure: Full - Part Sun

Soil Moisture: Mesic to Dry  |  Soil Type: Sand to Loam

Harebell has a fine, dainty form but is very tolerant of tough sites. It's native range covers most of North America except for the southern-most states. It likes high alpine rocky terrain, growing from cracks in rocks on the edge of lake superior and sandy bluffs.

Flower: July - October  |  Exposure: Full - Part Sun

Soil Moisture: Mesic to Dry  |  Soil Type: Sand to Clay/Loam

Stiff goldenrod is a well behaved goldenrod with an upright form and large flat-topped flowerheads. The flowers are very long-lasting and combine well with prairie grasses such as little bluestem. An absolute pollinator magnet in late summer, the shallow disc flowers allow most types of pollinators access to nectar.

Flower: July - September  |  Exposure: Full Sun

Soil Moisture: Dry Mesic to Dry  |  Soil Type: Sand to Sandy Loam

Spotted bee balm can be short lived but if planted in suitable sites will reseed enough to maintain a stand. The interesting whorled/tiered flowers are unique, the lower bracts can range from pink to white in color. If you're looking for a plant that stands out at dusk, this is a good candidate.

It a larval host plant for the gray marvel moth and two snout moths, Pyrausta spp.

Flower: July - September  |  Exposure: Full Sun

Soil Moisture: Mesic to Dry  |  Soil Type: Sand to Loam

Hoary vervain is common in disturbed sites with sandy soils. It is a great performer in the garden, with an upright form and showy flowers arranged on narrow spikes. The flowers open from the bottom upwards and are visited by bees and butterflies for the nectar. It a larval host plant for the verbena moth and fine-lined sallow moth.

Flower: May - June  |  Exposure: Full - Part Sun

Soil Moisture: Dry Mesic to Dry  |  Soil Type: Sand to Sandy Loam

Wild lupine loves sandy soils. It is an excellent perennial for early spring color. The flowers lack nectar but it still attracts bumble bees and mason bees for pollen. It a larval host plant for the endangered karner blue butterfly, as well as several duskywings and sulphur butterflies.

Flower: June - September  |  Exposure: Full - Part Sun

Soil Moisture: Mesic to Dry  |  Soil Type: Sand to Clay/Loam

You can't find a more versatile plant than black-eyed susans. It flowers in its first year from seedlings, reblooms throughout the summer months, and is very showy. It can be short-lived but but reseeds. It a larval host plant for the wavy-lined and southern emerald moths, and the 

silvery checkerspot butterfly.

Flower: June - September  |  Exposure: Full - Part Sun

Soil Moisture: Mesic to Dry  |  Soil Type: Sand to Clay/Loam

Fragrant hyssop belongs to the mint family, and like many plants in this family the leaves are fragrant. If you like black licorice, then you will enjoy nibbling on the leaves of fragrant hyssop. 

It can get quite tall in soils that are too rich - close to 60", but in dry prairies 30" is more typical. It works well to mass this plant which highlights the range in flower colors from light blue to dark 

purple.

Milkweed Pollination - A Sticky Situation

Milkweed plants, Asclepias spp. have a unique method of transferring pollen from one plant to the other for cross-pollination. Pollen is aggregated in sac-like bundles called pollinia, located on either side of the stigmatic chamber. The two bundles are strung together with a gland (filament) at the top of the stigmatic chamber.

Bees, wasps, flies, beetles and butterflies visit the flowers for nectar. Milkweed plants typically produce a lot of nectar, it is replenished overnight, to the delight of nocturnal moths, and the remaining nectar is ready for the first diurnal visitors in the morning.

For accessing nectar, floral visitors prop themselves on one of the five flower hoods, sliding their tongues down the side of the hood where the nectar is held. They must be careful not to slip their leg down into the flower between the anthers.

When pulling their leg out, they could snag it on the filament holding together the sticky pollinia sacs.

Pollina stuck to the legs of a great
black wasp, Sphex pensylvanicus

The sticky pollinium sacs are carried to other milkweed plants on their legs and if the insect again ‘slips’ the pollinia can be inserted into the stigmatic chamber ensuring cross-pollination. Unable to pull their leg out, smaller bees can become trapped in the flowers and perish.

In a study by Fishbein and Venable (1996), small- and medium-sized bees, and medium-sized butterflies had the lowest removal rates of pollinia. Their study found that it was the larger bees, like bumble bees that were most effective at transferring pollinia from one plant to the other.

Leafcutter bee, Megachile sp. alighting
on top of the flower hoods to nectar.

Ivey et al. (2003), also found large carpenter bees, Xylocopa spp. and bumble bees, Bombus spp. effective pollinators, partly due to their foraging efficiency; they visit flowers methodically, probing all the hoods of a flower, and visiting more flowers per flowerhead.


Leafcutter bees are common visitors of milkweed feeding on nectar. They rarely snag pollinium sacs so are considered ineffective pollinators.

Small carpenter bees, Ceratina spp. prop themselves on the top of the hood and slide their tongue down the side of the hood to reach nectar.

Cuckoo bees, Coelioxys spp. are true nectar thieves. The have no pollen-collecting structures on their legs. They only visit flowers for nectar because they are cleptoparasites, laying their eggs in the nests of other bees.

This particular cuckoo bee is a cleptoparasite of leafcutter bees,  Megachile spp. Females have a tapered abdomen ending in a sharp point that is used to break through leafcutter brood cells.

Another example of a small-sized bee, yellow faced bees, Hylaeus spp. are frequent visitors to swamp milkweed in late summer for nectar.

Soldier beetles, Chauliognathus spp. also love to feed on nectar on milkweed plants but are rarely found carrying pollinia.

What seems to be a not-so-mutualistic relationship between floral visitor and plant, where floral visitors are exploiting nectar resources, cross-pollination is still occurring due to the effective visitation by large bees, who transfer the polllinium sacs from one plant to another.


References
Fishbein, M., & Venable, D. L. (1996). Diversity and temporal change in the effective pollinators of Asclepias tuberosa. Ecology, 1061-1073.

Ivey, C. T., Martinez, P., & Wyatt, R. (2003). Variation in pollinator effectiveness in swamp milkweed, Asclepias incarnata (Apocynaceae). American Journal of Botany, 90(2), 214-225.

Kephart, S. R. (1983). The partitioning of pollinators among three species of Asclepias. Ecology, 120-133.

Plan Now for Spring Pollinators